Nasal Polyp
Ear Nose, and Throat Diseases
Nasal polyps are soft, painless, non-malignant growths that develop inside the nasal passages and the adjacent sinus cavities. They often result from allergic factors, chronic sinusitis, genetic predisposition, medication sensitivities, and immune system disorders. Inflammation of the mucous membranes can lead to the formation of polyps that extend from the nasal openings down to the throat area. Nasal polyps are usually found on both sides of the nose and appear pale pink in color. Sometimes, they can protrude from the nostrils.
Approximately 1-4% of adults and 0.01% of children have nasal polyps.
It's important to differentiate between nasal polyps and nasal papilloma, which is often mistaken for polyps by patients but is a distinct entity. Nasal papilloma presents as cauliflower-like growths within the nose and differs significantly from polyps in histopathological characteristics.
Symptoms of Nasal Polyps
- Severe nasal congestion
- Decreased sense of smell and taste
- Postnasal drip
- Pain around the eyes
- Clear or colored nasal discharge
- Headache
- Snoring, and in severe cases, sleep apnea
- Pressure sensation in the sinuses
- Changes in voice tone
- Toothache in the upper teeth
- Difficulty breathing
Diagnosis of Nasal Polyps
A detailed medical history is obtained, followed by a physical examination. Swollen, pale-colored masses obstructing the nasal passages may be observed on both sides or one side of the nose. Computed tomography (CT) scans may be necessary to determine the size and extent of the polyps.
Treatment of Nasal Polyps
Treatment options depend on the patient's condition and may involve medical or surgical approaches. Medical treatment often includes intranasal or systemic corticosteroids, which are usually effective. If accompanying conditions like allergic rhinitis are present, antihistamines may be used. Depending on the underlying cause, antibiotics, leukotriene modifiers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and decongestants may also be considered. Nasal irrigation can provide relief.
If medical treatment fails to yield results, and the polyps have obstructed sinus openings, leading to chronic infection and inflammation, surgical interventions such as polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery may be necessary.
It's important to note that even after treatment, polyps can recur, especially in cases related to allergies, where the risk of recurrence is higher.