Ear Drum Perforation
Ear Nose Throat Diseases
The causes of ear drum perforations are usually trauma or infections. Ear drum perforations can occur due to various reasons, such as being slapped on the ear, sudden pressure changes (barotrauma), skull fractures, sudden explosions, inserting objects like hairpins, clips, cotton swabs, or toothpicks into the ear, or the entry of acidic liquids into the ear. Middle ear infections can lead to spontaneous perforation of the eardrum, resulting in the presence of an infected or bloody discharge from the ear. This condition is known as "Perforated Otitis Media" in medical terminology and is associated with middle ear inflammation where there is a hole in the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer ear canal from the middle ear. Surgery is performed to treat these conditions, and it is not a standard operation but is tailored to address the specific problem in each patient.
Ear drum perforations can lead to various symptoms, including hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, facial nerve paralysis, and sometimes ear discharge. Pain is not commonly associated with ear drum perforations. Rarely, a small hole can form in the eardrum after the placement of a ventilation tube.
In fact, the body can rapidly repair perforations in the eardrum. However, the eardrum has a crucial role in protecting the ear from external elements such as bacteria, water, and dust. When there is a hole in the eardrum, it becomes much easier for microbes to enter the middle ear due to water entering the ear. Untreated and poorly protected eardrum perforations can lead to middle ear infections, chronic changes, hearing loss, and even dizziness.
The ear is closely connected to important organs. The facial nerve passes through the middle ear, and the brain is in close proximity. The balance organ is located in the inner ear. Therefore, if not properly protected and treated, ear drum perforations can lead to not only hearing loss but also conditions such as dizziness, facial paralysis, meningitis, and brain abscess.
People with ear drum perforations often become self-conscious, repeating what they hear in social situations, mimicking understanding to avoid embarrassment. However, ear drum perforations can be treated with surgery, and with proper protection and timely treatment, the serious consequences can be prevented.
Is there a difference in the severity of perforations between children and adults?
No, ear drum perforations can occur in individuals of all ages, and the severity and treatment approach do not significantly differ between children and adults. However, the cause of the perforation, the size of the perforation, and the overall health of the individual may influence the specific treatment plan.
Medical Treatment
Medical treatment is often aimed at stopping ear discharge. It involves periodic cleaning of the ear, using drops or powder as necessary. In some cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is essential to keep the ear clean during the healing process. If there is continuous ear discharge, it should be managed with medication. Cotton may be placed in the ear canal to detect the presence of discharge, but it should not block the discharge completely.
Protecting the Ear Drum
To prevent complications and infection, it's crucial to protect the ear drum, especially if it has a perforation. Here are some recommendations:
Avoid forcefully blowing your nose, as this can push bacteria and germs from the nose and throat into the middle ear through the Eustachian tube.
When bathing or washing your hair, place a cotton ball coated with petroleum jelly in your ear to prevent water from entering.
When swimming, consider wearing a waterproof swimming cap or earplugs to keep water out of your ears.
Refrain from inserting objects like cotton swabs or hairpins into your ears, as this can cause further injury and infections.
If you're exposed to loud noises, consider using ear protection, such as earplugs or earmuffs.
If you have a cold, sinusitis, or allergies, seek treatment promptly to reduce the risk of middle ear infections.
If you experience ear pain, discharge, or changes in your hearing, consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and treatment.
Repairing the Ear Drum
If a perforation does not heal on its own or if it is associated with significant hearing loss, surgery may be necessary to repair the eardrum. The surgical procedure is known as tympanoplasty. During tympanoplasty, the eardrum is repaired using graft tissue, which can be obtained from the patient's own body or from a donor. This procedure aims to restore the integrity of the eardrum and improve hearing.
It's important to consult with an Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialist or an otolaryngologist for a proper evaluation and treatment plan if you suspect an ear drum perforation or experience any related symptoms. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent complications and promote healing.